Established on August 16, 1875, West End State School began as three separate institutions—West End Boys State School, West End Girls State School, and West End Infants State School—collectively enrolling 236 students. The original school building, constructed in 1875, was later repurposed for the Girls and Infants School.

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As the West End suburb expanded, the school experienced significant growth, leading to the construction of additional facilities. In 1936, a Depression-era brick school building was added, reflecting the architectural style of the time. This building was later extended in 1976 and 1984 to accommodate the increasing student population. The school's grounds also feature a Memorial Fountain, installed in 1930 to honour World War I victims, and mature trees that enhance the campus environment.

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West End State School expanded significantly after 2019 to accommodate Brisbane’s growing inner-city population. Stage 1, completed in 2020, introduced a three-storey learning centre with 16 classrooms and outdoor learning areas. Stage 2, unveiled later that year, added an 18-classroom building, a new resource centre, staff facilities, and a Performing Arts Centre with a 500-seat auditorium. The expansion also included new green spaces, a playground, and a second oval on Vulture Street, increasing the school’s capacity from 952 to 1,500 students.